Who are considered "vulnerable witnesses" in criminal proceedings?

In criminal proceedings, "vulnerable witnesses" typically refer to those individuals who may face challenges when providing testimony due to their age, experiences of trauma, or other specific circumstances that could impact their ability to testify effectively. The correct option highlights children and trauma survivors, both of whom are recognized by the legal system as needing special accommodations to ensure that they can participate in the process without further victimization or intimidation.

Children are inherently considered vulnerable due to their developmental stage, making them more susceptible to the stressors associated with a court environment. Similarly, trauma survivors may need particular support to address their psychological and emotional needs, which can be compromised when they are required to recount distressing experiences in a courtroom setting. The law often provides various measures, such as allowing the use of video recordings, intermediaries to assist during testimony, or the ability to provide evidence in a more comfortable environment, to help these individuals participate fully and effectively in the justice system.

The other categories listed do not meet the specific criteria of vulnerability as recognized in legal contexts. Adult witnesses who have experienced trauma might indeed need support, but the scope of vulnerability is broader and generally includes children as a distinct group. Witnesses under police protection may be at risk due to their involvement in a case