Which case established that provocation must have both a subjective and objective element?

The case that established that provocation must have both a subjective and objective element is R v Tran. In this case, the Supreme Court of Canada clarified that for a successful defense of provocation, the act must be assessed from two perspectives: the subjective perspective, which considers the accused's state of mind and emotional response, and the objective perspective, which examines the situation from the viewpoint of a reasonable person in the same circumstances. This dual requirement ensures that the defense of provocation is not solely reliant on the accused’s personal emotional state, but also on how a reasonable person would interpret the provocation context. The court emphasized that both elements must be satisfied for a provocation defense to be established, striking a balance between individual circumstances and societal standards of reasonableness in response to provocation.